The Mission San Gabriel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Mission San Gabriel - Research Paper Example The particular settlement where the mission stands was erected around 1770 by the early Spaniards and was possibly named after the Angel Gabriel. Historical sources indicate that building was designed by Antonio Cruzado who was a Father from Spain (Baer 47). He cleverly designed the structure giving it a strong architectural and captive influence. With long narrow windows and a peculiar capped buttress, the building is reminiscent of several others unique only to the state of California. Much of the original roof of the structure was destroyed in 1894 by an earthquake which ravaged the area. A replacement was further damaged in 1812 and was later replaced in 1886. Nevertheless much of the original composition of the structure still stands strong signifying a rich source of history. The establishment of the mission in that particular locality radically transformed the manner of life around. The hostile Indians completely took charge and dominated the area. Up to 1822, it is estimated that over 6800 natives had been baptized of whom 2400 was children. In the neighborhoods of this church, the majority of the population was the Indians who mostly belonged to the Shoshonean family. There were also other people especially the neophytes who came from further beyond. Most important, however, is the manner in which the mission has always defined the history and manner of life in that particular region. It has to be remembered that the major objective of the missions established at that time was to propagate a culture of self-sufficiency and social collectiveness amongst the people. Through farming, the missions managed to produce entirely everything that was necessary in the localities. Much of that effort was always successful to the extent that by 1810, the Indians ware able to produce sufficient food to sustain the whole military and government of California. Agriculture had suddenly taken root in the region as the most important economic activity. The rich informati on availed by delving into the missions’ history is very fundamental in drawing very important conclusions and learning much about the Chicano history. Very striking characteristics are reminicesent in the Spaniards who came to the region in the early days and made settlements. Their mannerisms and ways of life have always stood and helped define their history and character. One can gradually realize the causes of the growing unrest that was evidenced across the Mexican-American population in the country. These people are driven by the power of their collective awareness and through mass action, agitate for fundamental liberties. In such a case, the emergence and the progress of the Chicano movement cannot be overemphasized. Sure enough, most of the challenges that led to this movement have not been addressed even in the present American situation. Very high school drop-out rates are still a daily norm in the California region. The lack of Mexican-American teachers in the ins titutions is still an issue that has not yet been addressed. Paradoxically, looking back into the early days, we realize that many dreams have been shattered in the face of these emerging realities. The very farms that had their origins in the mission days became the hotbeds of controversy as farmers and university students teamed together and went to the streets in protest. The whole issue was about the aspiration of social betterment

The Main Characteristics Of Pentecostalism Theology Religion Essay

The Main Characteristics Of Pentecostalism Theology Religion Essay Since its inception in the first century, Christianity has been evolving as a social institution, changing its organizational shape, redefining its mission, and creating new expressions of worship. Since then there has been a vast change in denominations, where some decline and revival has been witnessed through the years. The year 1906 brought new recoveries into a different type of worship in United States of America (USA). In USA, Los Angeles newspapers reported as gathering of people of different races and cultures describing them to involve the poor and rich, blacks and whites, men and women, young and old in a temple in Azusa Street displaying a new form of worship, praying, singing in unknown languages, dancing and clapping. Audiences gathered to witness what was happening. This was the biggest revival of the time in USA.  [2]  Testimonies, diaries, articles were written by those involved and those who witnessed this great event. This was the beginning of what is called Pentecostalism today, the major driving engine of Christianity to its origins, the first century.  [3]  Although, most scholars have debated whether Pentecostalism had multiple almost simultaneous origins in different countries the same time it originated in North America, there is no doubt that that it is the strongest C hristianity today in the third world.  [4]  This essay aims to examine its origins and its main three chosen characteristics which are spiritual gifts, personal encounter with God and the power over demons and Satan. Definitions Allan Andersons explanation on Pentecostalism is that it is perceived as a movement of believers who affirm to the work of the Holy Spirit and the exercising of the spiritual gifts as evidenced through speaking in tongues with foundation grounded on the emphasis of the acknowledgement of salvation attained through Jesus Christ.  [5]  David Martin and Peter Mullen state that speaking in tongues consists in the utterance of unintelligible sounds, often in rapid sequences, by persons who seem to be in conditions of varying degrees of dissociation.  [6]  Pentecostal is linked with the doctrine of subsequence and initial evidence which originated from USA in the beginning of the twentieth century, referring to the experience of the baptism by the Holy Spirit.  [7]  Therefore, those devoted to this theology are called Pentecostals. However, a change happened during the 1960s, when some Christians within main-line denominations started to accept the Pentecostalism phenomena as part of the worship experience.  [8]  This new form of Pentecostalism became known as the Charismatic Movement. Charismatic describes any form or experience of Christianity that emphasises the charismata which means spiritual gifts (such as tongues, prophecy and discernment) listed in for example 1Corinthians 12, as well as a dynamic experience of being baptised or filled with the Holy Spirit.  [9]  A highly significant proportion of Christians and churches that have emphasis on this dynamic renewing experience and the operation of gifts of the Holy Spirit are called charismatics. The charismatic movements widely penetrated the traditional historical churches from the 1960s, Protestant and Catholic, Church of England (C of E), Methodist, Baptist or URC churches, or the Roman Catholic Church in what has been termed the charismatic r enewal.  [10]  Therefore Renewal describes the expression of this new form of spiritual life within these previously existing historic mainline churches or denominations. The difference between charismatics and Pentecostals is the aspect of the initial evidence like signs and wonders as well as the encountering of power which charismatics deny hence agreeing in the tongues. Whereas, Pentecostal denotes the identity maker of tongues as the evidence of the Holy Spirit baptism whilst the Charismatics denote the Holy Spirit gifts, the teachings of prosperity and spiritual warfare.  [11]   Consequently, the word Pentecostal shifted from just refereeing to a particular group of denominations to any denomination whose worship experience includes some sort of Pentecostal phenomenon such as speaking in tongues. Since the rise of the Charismatic movement, traditional Pentecostals are usually referred to as Classical Pentecostals. The term Classical Pentecostal refers to a person or organization which believes that the baptism in the Holy Spirit is a second work of grace subsequent to conversion, and that the initial physical evidence of this experience is speaking in other tongue that is the languages unknown to the speaker.  [12]   Origins During the centuries from the Early Churchs time about 1500 plus years to the 20th century there were Christians traditions which influenced the formation of Pentecostalism such as the Reformation tradition, specifically the Anabaptist and Arminians, the Holiness and Evangelical Movements.  [13]  The historical survey of the development of Classical Pentecostalism will cover the years from 1738; John Wesleys Aldersgate experience time when he emphasised the Holy Spirit in His teachings.  [14]   The advancement of Pentecostalism can be dated back to a January the 1st 1901, a charismatic revival at Bethel Bible School in Topeka, Kansas USA. As Charles Parham, a former Methodist ministers students had questions about the evidence of baptisms with the Holy Spirit after his Spirit baptism teaching, following the Book of Acts. There was an experience of this baptism following a fervent prayer with students resulting in the experience of speaking in tongues.  [15]  The enthusiasm of the students following Charles Parham teachings brought an amazing Pentecostal experience as of the Apostles in the Book of Acts. Cox stated that Pentecostalism rose among a group of people who were waiting for it.  [16]  Charles Parhams teachings opened the doors to what was later called Pentecostalism. Robert Gromacki called Charles Parham Father of the Pentecostal movement.  [17]   From Parhams bible school, the movement became the worldwide movement following the Azusa Street revival mentioned above. This was through a black African American preacher called William Joseph Seymour who was also a student at Parham School who longed for the Spirit baptism and witnessed the first experience of speaking in tongues. His meeting with Parham had a big impact in William Seymours belief about the Holy Spirit baptism.  [18]  He contributed to the spread of Pentecostalism; he did not just believe but took the message further. Cecil M. Robeck gives the brief background of the journey William Seymour took to promote what is today called Pentecostalism. In his account he mentioned that William Seymour was invited to Los Angeles to be in charge of one ministry. After preaching about the baptism of the Holy Spirit, he was denied the position to pastor that congregation. He ended up living with black friends Edward and Mattie Lee who sympathised with him where he conducted prayer meetings in their house. This was the beginning of the great movement as they started to pray together and later invited other people to join them. The number increased and they moved to a bigger house. It was in the house of Richard at Ruth Asberry on the 9th of April 1906 as they were studying the bible that they experienced the power of the Holy Spirit. In this meeting, an eight-year-old black boy began to speak in tongues and soon crowds were attracted to the house. After this experience the house could not accommodate the growing large numbers of people who were coming to join in prayers and worship. They had to move to Azusa Street, were the greatest revival took place. Then Azusa Street became the house for the world Pentecostal movement.  [19]  Therefore the Azusa story is exceptional when the roots of Pentecostalism are discussed. Cecil M. Robeck labelled the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the birth place of Pentecostal movement.  [20]  Harvey Cox acknowledging the root of Pentecostalisms origin to be understood with reference William Joseph Seymour.  [21]   From Azusa Street, Pentecostalism spread to the other parts of the world by members who experienced the Pentecostal revival and formed Pentecostal Churches.  [22]  Congregations spread around USA extending to Africa through missionaries that went preach this Pentecostal experience to other parts of the world By early 1907 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ entered Mexico, Canada, Western Europe, the Middle East, West Africa and several countries in Asia, spreading to Northern Russia, Southern Africa and Eastern and Central Europe. The Apostolic Faith Mission was the first Movement that Mr Seymour established consisting of different denominations with one agenda of Faith.  [23]  In 1914 was the first official statement of the Classical Pentecostal doctrine of the baptism in the Holy Spirit by the Assemblies of God in the United States. They are hundreds of Pentecostal denominations and fast growing over the last forty years, David Martin, sociologist who has done a lot of work on the estimates of Pentecostalism has reported it to be the largest global shift in the religious marketplace. He quoted a total number of Pentecostals and charismatics worldwide to at least a least a quarter of a billion by 2002.  [24]  This has expanded to the West reaching other countries such as India, China and Chile.  [25]   They are here main groups of Pentecostalism identified with their unique beliefs though some aspects might be similar. One of the group is identify by their belief in the work of the Holy Spirit, speaking, in tongues, baptism with the Holy Spirit, the works of grace, salvation and sanctification as continuous in their lives; the other group beliefs entire sanctification over and above some aspects of the above group, called then Wesleyan Holiness; last but not least excludes themselves in the belief of the Trinity aspect of God, called oneness Pentecostals.  [26]   Main characteristics Spiritual gifts The birth of the Pentecostal movement in the early twentieth century was evidenced by followers of Christ exhibiting the gifts of the Holy Spirit often referred to as the supernatural gifts. It got its roots from the Early Church with ecstatic phenomena gifts of the Holy Spirit.  [27]   The experiencing of the Holy Spirit baptism resulting in speaking in tongues in Topeka, Kansas sprang up the twentieth century Pentecostal Movement in 1901. Dayton asserts that the eighteen century American revivalism, Holiness Movement played a part in its origins.  [28]  Charles Parham believed there was more on the entire sanctifications, the teachings of the Wesleyans, in his views. Therefore he bestowed sanctification and charismatic power as both part of the second blessing. His views were more extreme than many in the Holiness Movement. The teachings on investigations for signs of sanctification led to questions if this was related to the baptism of the Holy Spirit. As the students were determined for the outward evidence signs of the baptism, speaking in tongues was the first sign of the spiritual gifts To have a good understanding of what is meant by spiritual gifts, I would consider two definitions which defines spiritual gifts as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦divinely given capacities to perform useful functions for God  [29]  Similarly Deffinbaugh defines spiritual gifts as the God-given capacity of every Christian to carry out his function in the body of Christ.  [30]  The se definitions adequately purvey the Pentecostalism understanding of Spiritual gifts. These spiritual gifts are believed to have originated at Pentecost as explained in the Book of Acts. Over the period of three years after the Azusa Street revival which sparkled the Pentecostal Movement, Seymour saw the restoration not just of speaking in tongues but all gifts of the Holy Spirit.  [31]  These are spiritual gifts listed in 1 Corinthians 12:7-11. These gifts can be; speaking in tongues, interpreting tongues, prophesying and healing power.  [32]  According to Luke; When the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place. And suddenly from heaven there came a sound like the rush of a violent wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting. Divided tongues, as of fire, appeared among them, and a tongue rested on each of them. All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages, as the Spirit gave them ability (Acts 2: 1-4 NRSV). This was a physical evidence of being baptised by the Holy Spirit as they converted and believed in Jesus Christ. Kenneth Boa describes the gift of tongues as the supernatural ability of a believer to speak in an unlearned language by the speaker enabled by the Lord.  [33]  This can be interpreted by someone who receives the gift of interpretation of tongues. This is interpretation into the language of the body in which the message is delivered not a strict translation, but an interpretation of the essential content of the tongues message.  [34]  Critiques of tongues Thomas Aquinas believed to have been of the Apostles only in the early church to enable them to reach all nations as commissioned but presently it as to be done through language study.  [35]  There are also those with the gift of healing gifted to heal the sick. The variety of the gifts can be divided into different sickness, for example some specific gifts are to heal cancer or emotions, mental illness and many more sicknesses.  [36]   Personal encounter with God Access to God matters most to Pentecostals, life controlled by the Holy Spirit. They stress effectiveness the experience of God. What matters most is the felt power of the Spirit in the world, in the church, and in ones own life. Their faith is experiential, living faith in the living God who can miraculously, substantially intervene in the world.  [37]  For Pentecostals, from history they understood the as direct and immediate and self-authenticating.  [38]  This is explained in simple terms that Pentecostals understanding of the baptism of the spirit grants the authority by virtue of the individual experience of this powerful encounter with God. Therefore, their belief is that though the Holy Spirit they have a personal encounter the authentic and legitimate experience of God. Power over demons and Satan Pentecostals stress the empowerment and the felt power of the Holy Spirit in the world. Their focus and faith is in God who miraculously substantially intervenes in the world. For example, Martin discusses how Pentecostalism unites its belief with the social inspiration and the experience of the Spirit.  [39]  That is the understanding of the power of the Holy Spirit over any social powers that could be powers of darkness. In short, it is a consideration of two different factors, external (demonic forces) and internal factors (Holy Spirit). These make Pentecostals feel part of the community, as they distinguishes the God and Satan, devil and divine, sickness and health. They believe they have power over demons, through the Holy Spirit, that they can obtain through prayer. That is power over sin, spiritual blindness, social oppression, and Sickness. They refer this as their spiritual weapons. One of the most factors which contributed to the Growth of Pentecostalism is their belief in deliverance from evil spirits. Anderson, for example, points out that the main attraction of Pentecostalism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is still the emphasis on healing and deliverance from evil.  [40]   Their Theology extends to the apocalyptic belief of the coming of the Kingdom which includes the element of the final victory over Satan and death, which is a spiritual warfare.  [41]  The term spiritual warfare is referred to evil spiritual forces such as demons including Satan as mythological realities. Thus, the baptism of the Spirit enables the believers to conquer the spiritual battle and overcome the enemy. As Apostle Paul states, we live as human beings, but we do not wage war according to human standards; for the weapons of our warfare are not merely human, but they have divine power to destroy strongholdsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2 Corinthians 10: 3-4 NRSV). This is the belief that the Pentecostals have dependence on the Holy Spirit for power to enable them to fight the devil and any principalities of darkness. That is demonic attacks and possessions, physical and emotional sickness, evil spirits and so on. These claims are biblically based as Pentecostal believes in the true Word of God. Martin and Mullen clarified that for Pentecostal the supreme authority is the Bible, the inspired, infallible and inerrant Word of God to which all else must be subject.  [42]  Just to mention few examples of bible passages to support these claim of their belief; 1 John 3:8 which states that the Son of God was revealed for this purpose, to destroy the works of the devil (NRSV), He has rescued us from the power of darkness and transferred us into the kingdom of his beloved Son (Colossians 1:13 NRSV) and Jesus  summoned his twelve disciples and gave them authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to cure every disease and every sickness (Matthew 10:1 NRSV) and many more. Therefore Pentecostals take the word of God seriously and base their belief on what it says. Conclusion In conclusion, the essay has examined the origins of Pentecostalism. It has looked at its roots from early church, through the Holiness movements with the teachings of doctrine of sanctification. The teaching about the Holy Spirit and the actual experiencing of its baptism contributed to how Pentecostalism spread to other places. It has also touched on the explanation of charismatic its difference with Pentecostalism. Last but not least, three characteristics of Pentecostalism have been discussed though this is not the exhaustive least, however due to the limitation of the essay, only three were discussed. We have discovered with reaches that Pentecostalism is a growing movement. It has contributed to the inclining of Christianity as it was declining in many parts of the world. Their emphasis being the baptism by the Holy Spirit and spiritual gifts that can be received to believers by Gods will.

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

Affirmative Action in the words of Louis Fairykhan (humor) Affirmative Action is Necessary for Minorities to be Competitive in the Workplace The audience that I intend to attract are those that are minorities and agree with the idea of affirmative action. The persona that I chose is that of Louis Farrakhan, the leader of The Nation of Islam. I imagine that this is a speech to thousands of African-Americans that agree with Mr. Farrakhan. I appeal to tha emotions of my intended audience because I feel it is a strong tool in writing a good paper. I am notan authority on affirmative action but I feel that I know enough about it to present a good case on the subject. Good day my beautiful brothers and sisters. I'm sure you all know me by now because of my extensive involvement with the African-American movement. I, Louis Farrakhan, your delicious leader in this march towards equal rights and equality, feel that among our many obstacles in "White America" the most important is Affirmative Action. Affirmative Action is definitely a necessity in our long drive towards freedom. It certainly seems that we as a minority have come a long way since the days of slavery. Unfortunately, we are not yet considered the equal by our Vanilla brothers and sisters. It has been a long and treacherous journey, my savory brothers and sisters, but I feel that we can do more as a community if we can work side by side with the "crackers." It is not the white man's or the Jew's problem that we are not treated equally, it is ours. I was reading a well-known African-American newspaper the other day and I came across something that I felt was interesting. Our strong black brother, Ron Brown of the NAACP stated, "We're not ready to be color-blind because racial discrimination continues to afflict our society. Affirmative action continues to be needed not to redress grievances of the past, but the current discrimination that continues to exist"(Khalenberg). Can I hear an Amen? Was that not pinning the tail right on the hide of the milky-white donkey? We definitely have a strong black brother that knows his stuff and does his thing for our lovely, delicious community. Mr. Brown is obviously an intellectual and brilliant man because he has the last name Brown, which is a good reference to our beautiful chocolate colored skin. Affirmative Action :: essays research papers Affirmative Action in the words of Louis Fairykhan (humor) Affirmative Action is Necessary for Minorities to be Competitive in the Workplace The audience that I intend to attract are those that are minorities and agree with the idea of affirmative action. The persona that I chose is that of Louis Farrakhan, the leader of The Nation of Islam. I imagine that this is a speech to thousands of African-Americans that agree with Mr. Farrakhan. I appeal to tha emotions of my intended audience because I feel it is a strong tool in writing a good paper. I am notan authority on affirmative action but I feel that I know enough about it to present a good case on the subject. Good day my beautiful brothers and sisters. I'm sure you all know me by now because of my extensive involvement with the African-American movement. I, Louis Farrakhan, your delicious leader in this march towards equal rights and equality, feel that among our many obstacles in "White America" the most important is Affirmative Action. Affirmative Action is definitely a necessity in our long drive towards freedom. It certainly seems that we as a minority have come a long way since the days of slavery. Unfortunately, we are not yet considered the equal by our Vanilla brothers and sisters. It has been a long and treacherous journey, my savory brothers and sisters, but I feel that we can do more as a community if we can work side by side with the "crackers." It is not the white man's or the Jew's problem that we are not treated equally, it is ours. I was reading a well-known African-American newspaper the other day and I came across something that I felt was interesting. Our strong black brother, Ron Brown of the NAACP stated, "We're not ready to be color-blind because racial discrimination continues to afflict our society. Affirmative action continues to be needed not to redress grievances of the past, but the current discrimination that continues to exist"(Khalenberg). Can I hear an Amen? Was that not pinning the tail right on the hide of the milky-white donkey? We definitely have a strong black brother that knows his stuff and does his thing for our lovely, delicious community. Mr. Brown is obviously an intellectual and brilliant man because he has the last name Brown, which is a good reference to our beautiful chocolate colored skin.

Business Ethics Comprises

NOTE: 1. CASE 2, p316~3241. Business ethics comprisesA) the laws and regulations that guide behavior in the world of business.B) the morals, values, and customs that guide behavior in general.C) the principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business.D) the obligations businesses assume to maximize their positive impact and minimize their negative impact on stakeholders.E) the morals, values, and customs that parents teach their children.2. Social responsibility isA) an organization's obligation to maximize its positive effects and minimize its negative effects on stakeholders.B) principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business.C) a business's responsibility not to pollute the environment.D) a business's responsibility to manufacture products that function properly without harming consumers.E) charitable contributions made by a business to enhance its image.3. Which of the following is not one of the rights spelled out by John F.Kennedy in his C onsumers' Bill of Rights? .A) The right to chooseB) The right to safetyC) The right to be informedD) The right to be ethicalE) The right to be heard4. Business ethics was acknowledged as a field of study by business academics and practitioners in the .A) 1990s.B) 1980s.C) 1970s.D) 1960s.E) years prior to 1960.5. Which statement best describes the evolution of business ethics?A) From a field of study to theological discussion to recognition of social issuesB) From recognition of social issues to a field of study to theological discussionC) From a field of study to recognition of social issues to theological discussionD) From recognition of social issues to theological discussion to a field of studyE) From theological discussion to recognition of social issues to a field of study6. Before the 1960s, ethical issues related to business were often discussedA) theologically.B) economically.C) politically.D) sociologically.E) psychologically.7. The study of business ethics is important to better understand all of the following exceptA) that a person's own moral philosophies and decision-making experiences may not be sufficient to guide him or her in the business world.B) how and why people make ethical or unethical decisions.C) how to cope with conflicts between a person's own values and those of the organization in which he or she works.D) that business ethics is merely an extension of an individual's own personal ethics.E) how to identify ethical issues that arise in the business world.8. Individuals' personal ethics play a major role in the evaluation of business decisions only when their preferences or valuesA) differ from those of their employer.B) influence their performance in the workplace.C) are unethical.D) are ethical.E) result in negative publicity for their employer.9. The ability of a business organization to achieve its business goals is directly affected by whether its behavior is judged to be right or wrong byA) society.B) its union members.C) its em ployees.D) Congress.E) its competitors.10. An individual with acceptable personal ethics may not be able to handle complex business ethical issues if the individual hasA) family concerns.B) an unethical boss.C) limited business experience.D) financial concerns.E) a marketing background.11. The study of business ethics in North America has evolved through _____ distinct stages.A) fiveB) fourC) threeD) tenE) nine12. Business professors began to teach and write about social responsibility during theA) 1960s.B) 1970s.C) 1980s.D) 1990s.E) 2000s.13. To be successful, relationships with investors must rest on dependability, _____, and commitment.A) ProfitsB) DividendsC) TrustD) ConfidenceE) codes of ethics14. Recently, what type of unethical behavior within business has resulted in a significant reduction of trust among the general public?A) Accounting fraudB) Environmentally unsafe practicesC) Employee discrimination and harassmentD) Defective productsE) Bribery15. Which of the following is not one of the rewards for being ethical and socially responsible in business?A) Greater employee commitmentB) Greater employee turnoverC) Improved customer trust and satisfactionD) Increased investor willingness to entrust fundsE) Better financial performance16. Employees' perceptions of their firm as having an ethical climate lead toA) lack of focus on goals.B) negative performance.C) social responsibility.D) improved relationships with competitors.E) performance-enhancing outcomes.17. When employees see honesty, respect, and trust applied frequently in the workplace, theyA) feel less pressure to compromise ethical standards.B) observe less misconduct.C) are more satisfied with their organizations overall.D) feel more valued as employees.E) All of these18. Investors are concerned about business ethics because they know that misconduct canA) foster stability.B) improve employee commitment.C) improve customer loyalty.D) lower stock prices.E) raise stock prices.19. Most strong org anizational climates focus on the core value of placing ________ interests first.A) customers'B) employees'C) stockholders'D) suppliers'E) distributors'Ans:  Ã‚  A Format:  Ã‚  Multiple  Choice Page:  Ã‚  21 20. In the history of business ethics, the 1990s can best be described as a time when business ethics wasA) formalized.B) consolidated.C) institutionalized.D) popularized.E) marginalized.21. An ethical issue is a problem, situation, or opportunityA) that harms consumers.B) that harms the environment.C) that requires society to choose among several actions that must be evaluated as right or wrong.D) that requires an individual, group, or organization to choose among several actions that must be evaluated as ethical or unethical.E) that requires an individual, group, or organization to choose between harming consumers or the environment and earning more profits.22. Ethical issues in business are defined byA) customers.B) government regulators.C) employees.D) shareholders.E) stakeholders.23. Which of the following statements about stakeholders is correct?A) None of the external stakeholders are primary stakeholders.B) External stakeholders cannot be primary stakeholders.C) All internal stakeholders are primary stakeholders.D) Coop stakeholders cannot be secondary.E) Secondary stakeholders can be tertiary.24. Which of the following does not represent the set of primary stakeholders of a business?A) Employees, customers, and investorsB) Shareholders, the community, and the mediaC) Customers, investors, and governmentD) Employees, investors, and shareholdersE) The community, employees, and government25. The primary responsibility of ensuring that ethical, legal, and social standards are adhered to within a business rests withA) the investors.B) the government.C) the management board.D) the employees.E) the customers.

Unit Labor Costs Matter Much More Than Actual Levels of Pay

Nga Discuss the view that unit labour costs matter much more than actual levels of pay. Unit  labour  costs is the  cost  of  labour  per  unit  of. It is determined by the growth of wages and the rate of growth of  labour  productivity. Labour costs include the complete range of costs employers incur when they employ workers. They include not only wages but also the cost of recruiting and training workers, national insurance contributions, redundancy payments and benefits in kind. Wages do, however, constitute over 80% of total labour cost.So they, together with productivity, are the two key influences on unit labour costs. If productivity increases at a faster rate than the wages paid, unit labour costs are likely to fall. During the recession, the UK has seen falls in real wage growth. If real wages are lower, firms may   be more willing to employ labour rather than capital. In other words low wage growth means labour is relatively more attractive than usual. Therefore with lower labour costs, firms are willing to employ more workers and labour intensive production methods.If a country’s firms have higher unit labour costs than firms in rival countries, this may make their products less price competitive. The country will be unlikely to benefit from increased exports, as a result of a depreciating exchange rate. The increasing unit labour costs have caused firms to demand workers from abroad, who are willing to work for lower wages, to decrease the cost of production. But this has caused unemployment in the UK, and therefore a reduction in income. The result is AD shift to the left, which decreases the rate of economic growth.Rising unit labour costs have the potential to cause cost push inflation. This is caused by wage increases which exceed any improvement in productivity. There are those who feel that unit labour costs matter much more than actual levels of pay and this is because  ULC contains within it all total labour co sts divided by output. This includes wages, national insurance and redundancy payments. Wages are only a component of ULC  , which leads people to feel that it does not matter as much; it is only the amount paid to a worker for working a certain number of hours.Unit labour costs can be said to matter more because it  helps determine productivity. If total labour costs are at ? 5000 and output is 5000 units, then ULC would measure at ? 1. If however output increased to 10,000 units, then ULC would measure at 50p. This means that it now costs less per worker and also shows that workers are now more productive. On the other hand, if companies were becoming less productive, then  ULC can help governments decide whether to apply supply-side policies or not.An example of this would be education and training, if a worker gains more knowledge in the field of work, then they should be able to produce more units than they did before. What can be also be noted from the graph is that  t here is a reduction of inflation from A to B when increasing productivity. Therefore ULC are very important and matter more than wages because it helps determine productivity, inflation and helps with decisions on supply-side policies. ULC does have some flaws however in thatsupply-side policies are not entirely determined by ULC, it can also be used to lower inflation as shown in the above graph.While it is agreed that ULC is important, some would argue that wages are more so. Wages make up 80 per cent of ULC  and may suggest that wages determine ULC. If wages increased, then total labour costs would also increase. If total labour costs were at ? 20,000 and output was at 10,000, then ULC would measure at ? 2. If however total labour costs increased to ? 50,000 due to because of wages, and the level of output stayed the same, then ULC would measure at ? 5. This suggests a decrease in productivity as well as a relatively low level of international competitiveness.In countries where minimum wage doesn’t exist, wages may be considerably lower and the result from ULC would suggest high productivity but would not consider infringement of rights. To summarise, wages are more important than ULC because not only is it a significant proportion of ULC itself and can change the result independently , but it alsoallows people to see their independent income; wages are more important to consumers  whereas ULC is more important to firms.In most developed countries however, there exists a minimum wage so wage abuse is not common. Also, the figures used previously assume that output remains at a fixed level, in the case that it doesn’t shows more factors involved and thus weakens the actual levels of pay’s effect. Actual levels of pay are important, but more so to the individual than to the collective. ULC allows a broader scope of how the country is performing economically compared to others and is therefore more important.

Debt Sustainability and Fiscal Policy Rescuing the Rescuers

Debt Sustainability and Fiscal Policy Rescuing the Rescuers Introduction The financial crisis experienced in the period between 2007 and 2008 was a great shock and strain to most of the economies. This financial crisis occurred as a result of the various economies possessing a lot of fictitious wealth such as the wealth gained from excessive borrowing from international bodies so as to try and bridge the gap between excessive spending by governments and firms, which result to very high budgets, and the available financial resources for the governments and the firms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Debt Sustainability and Fiscal Policy: Rescuing the Rescuers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The great difference between the available financial resources and the high budgets resulted to a large deficit of finances for fitting into the budget, forcing the governments and firms to lump into a state of excessive borrowing, a factor that has left most of them, especially the large c ountries, in great debts (Reinhart Rogoff 2008). The global economy, especially the economy of the UK, was seemingly very stable before the year 2007 as all the financial undertakings of different economies seemingly thrived fairly. This was not really the case since the UK always got into a state where its budget was higher than the available financial resources and there was always a deficit in the amount required in the budget. Since there were a lot of national and international financial institutions willing to help the government out of the crisis it was facing due to the deficits, the government always found itself borrowing for the sake of bridging the gap brought in by the deficits. This continued for a long time and each time, the government made its budget in a manner that gave provision for inclusion of borrowed money for meeting its budget. This forced the government into a state of great debts and inflated budgets as its budget included repayments of the borrowed mone y and its interest rates. This further resulted to a state of increased deficits in the budgets resulting to more borrowing. In the long-run, the nation found itself so enormously tied up in debts in a manner it could not help itself out. In the same way, the government seemed to have a lot of wealth within its possession but when compared to its debt burdens, it actually had very little to be counted as government wealth. This situation continued and reached its climax at the period between 2007 and 2008 (Wolfe 2010). Towards the end of 2008, the state had experienced a lot of financial crisis as a result of the high debt burdens and this had recessive effects on the economy. There was increased budget expenditure yet very few financial resources for the governments, a state that forced the governments into more borrowing and hence a presence of fictitious wealth in their economies since much of the wealth was equivalent to the debt burdens the governments were in.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This way, the government experienced a gradual effect of the financial crisis since they ended up borrowing too much and not being able to repay the debts resulting into recession which got to its climax towards the end of 2008 when the financial position of most of the economies was the lowest. The recession had very adverse effects on the economies and the societies at large as it resulted to increased prices of goods and services, low unemployment rates as well as high interest rates (Porter 1990). With the financial crisis being experienced then, there was a greater threat of a possible depression occurring in the global economy, an event that could have been disastrous for all the involved economies and for the global economy at large. There was a need for the governments to take action and reverse the effects of the financial crisis hence avoi ding an instance of a depression occurring. In this way, the governments joined hand and got well coordinated in taking action against that event. With proper coordination, the involved governments were able to overcome the effects of the financial crisis and to save the world from a possible disaster that could have had very severe effects on every economy and even every business in the affected areas and in the world at large (Wennekers Thurik 1999). Governments are the problem of a possible new crises Sovereign debt crisis is the constraint experienced by many different countries and organizations that are tied up in heavy debts borrowed for the sake of bridging the gap between the available financial resources for meeting the budget and the actual high amount required to meet the requirements of the budget. In efforts to try and maintain progress for their countries, governments have found themselves so ties up in great debts that further inflated the amount required in the bud gets due to increased interest rates that have to be budgeted for and which end up placing the countries in a vicious cycle of being in debts. Increased debt burden usually forces the governments to be in a state in which it cannot be able to pay the debts and has to rely on international policies to help it out of the debts. This is one of the main problems that have resulted to various instances of financial crisis in most of the countries and even globally in most of the economies (Alesina Ardagna 2008). Recent studies have shown those economic crises encountered in most countries are a result of different reasons ranging from beliefs, culture and social influences. This influences result to negative financial crisis. People are also made to believe that credit or debt is inevitable for any financial growth, so people get a lot of loans which accumulate over the years. These debts have to be paid regardless of the duration of time they will take before they are cleared (Kelly A mburgey 1991).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Debt Sustainability and Fiscal Policy: Rescuing the Rescuers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More International economic crisis study shows that currencies may even crash or bring about banking crisis and inflation. This affects the prices of goods, trade, exchange rates of currencies, interest rates on goods purchased on credit or on loans And local debt. Investors have now almost relied on credits from foreign currency instead of relying on local or domestic borrowing. This can leads to increased interests on borrowers (Davidsson 1995). War is also another major cause of economic crisis. This is because it causes economic, social instability of a country. People in these regions cannot be able to do business or trade because of insecurity .transport and communication breakdown can also be encountered in war hit regions or countries which can affect the economy of any stat e (Herbert Link 1982). Countries that are reliant on trade, tourism, can be easily be hit by a crisis when external or internal war is experienced in the country .examples of this is during the second world war when countries were badly hit by crisis (Webster 1994). Global financial crisis also show that it has weakened the banking sector in a big way, especially in third world countries .though, still in developed countries, debt is a much bigger problem. The rate or the percentage of GDP is relatively low on developing countries than on developed countries. This reduces the risks on developing countries (Alesina and Ardagna 2008). The Need to Reduce Deficits and Debts and the Issue of Debt Sustainability The government inter-temporal budget constraint is the constraint experienced by a government due to the presence of debts within its economic setup resulting from currently borrower financial support used to meet the deficits within its budget and the debts inherited from past g overnments, especially in form of repayment of the debts. This and the fact that the government always has a lot of spending to do causes that government to always seek for more financial aid so as to meet its requirements and its budget further plunging it into a state of more debts (Alesina Ardagna 2008). Deficit in the budget is the amount of finances that is less that the required amount so as to meet the full budget. It is the difference between the available financial resources, which usually are never enough, and the actual amount required so as to meet the full budget for the government.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are different types of deficits, primary deficit, structural deficit and cyclical deficit. Primary deficit is the difference that occurs between the current expenses and the total current revenue from all types of taxes for the government. On the other side, structural deficit are the deficits that remain across the business trade process (Coviello Jones 2004). The only way the country can resolve this problem is by improving the institutional set up. This process may require time and effort but can be solved. If possible, the country should also reduce the amounts of debts from foreign debtors (Sproul 1995). Borrowing can also be made safer by avoiding excessive borrowing. This is a major way that can reduce the risks of debt crisis. Having strategies and concrete plans before borrowing can help to reduce over borrowing which leads to mismanagement of funds and unnecessary budgets. Finances should always be used for projects that will generate income or returns which can be able to pay the interests and make profits making this borrowing reasonable if it can be able to pay the loan (Alvarez and Busenitz 2001). If the country is borrowing from abroad or from international bodies, it should consider whether the projects that they want to fund have higher social return than the interest of the fund. Also, it should consider whether the project will be able to generate the amount of foreign currency able to service the debt considering the time deadline or scheduled contract time. The country can reduce the risks of debt crisis by ensuring regular monitoring of account surpluses. Proper money regulation and balancing or budgets can be of great help in reducing debt crisis in any developing country. A country may opt to cut off international or domestic debt market (Burda Wyplosz 1997). It is the government’s obligation to curb debts and deficit in order to avoid economic crisis in the country. This can also help in stabilizing the economy of a coun try and avoiding risks of excessive borrowing (Covin Slevin 1989). Due to various factors facing the country such as unbalanced demographic characteristics resulting to high unemployment and overdependence on the employed, low incomes, low GDP and high expenditure for individuals and the government, the government has continuously experienced a deficit in its budgets since its revenues are always way below their expenditures and their plans for the fulfillment of their goals and objectives for a financial year in their countries (Verheul et al. 2002). More important to note is that the government has a lot of financial challenges facing it such as high poverty indices and low development and hence is always trying to improve the financial positions of its citizens and the nation and to encourage the course of achievement of development and in this way, it always end up with a greater need to spend more than its revenue and all their financial resources can cover (Murphy Hill 1996) . This way, it ends up with a budget that is way too high compared to its financial capabilities and hence it always end up depending on borrowing from international bodies such as the World Bank, the IMF and the developed countries so as to try bridge the gap between its needs and its capabilities (Porter 1990). The only problem with the over-dependence that has been noted in countries on financial borrowing is that it lenders the borrowers into a continuous state of being in debts as they always owe their lenders more than they can be able to pay at any one given time (Reinhart and Rogoff 2008). Due to this problem of being in a continuous state of debts, there is a need for the government to address the issue of debts and formulate strategies that will ensure that the current debts are reduced as well as establishing ways of reducing the deficits present in the budgets. The reduction of deficits can be achieved through increasing the sources of revenue, reducing expenditure throu gh prioritization and even seeking for other sources of funding such as the private sectors within the nation instead of seeking for external aid which is costly (Wolfe 2010). The reduction of the deficits in the budgets will help reduce the rate of borrowing and in return help curb the instances of debts for the country as well as the problem of debt sustainability (Smallbone Welter 2001). Appropriateness of a Sharp Structural Fiscal Tightening Many governments in the developed and developing countries have been experiencing a great financial crisis due to the overall effects of the global financial crisis and various other global factors. The most affected countries are the developing countries which have been plunged into alarming instances of overwhelming debts that have very serious effects on their financial positions currently and in the future (Saunders 1994). All the countries, on the other side, have been faced with a situation in which they are unable to implement their policies and face a great public outcry as a result (Webster 1994). In these hard situations, many the governments has been left with no choice rather than establishing strategies to try and curb the instances of the financial crisis in the country. This way, the government has formulated and implemented sharp structural fiscal tightening strategies aimed at bringing the economy to a stable position. However, depending on the way these strategies are implemented, they have been found to either have very helpful effects or to result to more problems by encouraging double-dip recession (Madhok 1997). In the instances of proper timing and properly formulating the policies that allow the implementation of the fiscal tightening strategies, the governments have been able to overcome the instances of recession and lift their financial positions and stabilize them (Porter 1990). On the other side, some of the methods used for implementation of the strategies just result to worsening of the situation due to wrong timing and improper implementation of the strategies, a factor that results to further recession in the economy (Wolfe 2010). References Alesina, A. Ardagna, S., 2008. Large changes in fiscal policy. (Online) Available at: www.nber.org . Alvarez, S. Busenitz, L., 2001. The Entrepreneurship of Resource-Based Theory. Journal of Management, 27 (6), pp. 755-775. Burda, M. Wyplosz, C., 1997. Macroeconomics: A European Text. New York: Oxford. Coviello, E. Jones, V., 2004. Methodological issues in international entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Venturing, 19 (4), pp. 485-508. Covin, J. Slevin, P., 1989. Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10 (1), pp. 75-87. Davidsson, P., 1995. Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 7 (1), pp. 41-62. Herbert, R. Link, N., 1982. The Entrepreneur. New York: Preager. Kelly, D. Amburgey, T. , 1991. Organizational inertia and momentum, a dynamic model of strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 14 (5), pp. 591- 612. Madhok, A., 1997. Cost, value and foreign make entry: The Transaction and the firms’ Strategic Management Journal. New York: Willey. Murphy, G. Hill, C., 1996. Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Research, 36 (1), pp. 15-23. Porter, M., 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press. Reinhart, D. Rogoff, S., 2008. This time is Different. (Online) Web. Saunders, J., 1994. The Marketing Initiative. London: Prentice-Hall. Smallbone, D. Welter, F., 2001. The Distinctiveness of Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies. Small Business Economics, 16 (4), pp. 249-62. Sproul, N., 1995. Handbook of Research Methods: A Guide for Practitioners and Students in Social Sciences. 2nd ed. Methuen: Scarecrow. Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsh, D. Thurik, R., 2002. An Eclectic theory of entrepreneurshi p: Policies, institutions and culture. In: David Audretsch, Roy Thurik, Ingrid Verheul and Sander Wennekers 1997. Entrepreneurship: Determinants and Policy in a European–US Comparison. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Webster, L., 1994. Lending for microenterprises: A review of the World Bank’s portfolio. Washington, D.C.: FPD Note 23, World Bank. Wennekers, A.R.M. Thurik, A.R., 1999. Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 13 (1), pp. 27-55. Wolfe, M., 2010. Emergency Budget: Special edition. (Online) Available at:Â  https://www.ft.com/ . Wolfe, M., 2010. Osborne bets tough Fiscal Stance will not stifle growth. (Online) Available at:Â  https://www.ft.com/ .

Project Vacuum Cleaner Essays

Project Vacuum Cleaner Essays Project Vacuum Cleaner Essay Project Vacuum Cleaner Essay The goal is to build a product that exceeds customers expectations of the current market and ultimately to secure more market share. You are given a fixed duration of 12 months to complete the project. Project Deliverables: 1 Develop a project charter (see the chart template) 2 Develop a project plan (see the project plan template). Complete sections a Section 1: Introduction I Org chart of your team High level was Responsibility matrix iv Resource chart b Section 2: Scope statement only I List your assumptions at a high level c Section 10: Project tracking and control d Other sections are options but highly recommended 3 MS project schedule a Define all relevant activities b Define duration for each task c Define predecessors relationships d Define milestones e Assign resources f Define cost g Identify critical path If possible 4 s-curve a Develop your S Curve using MS Excel b Graph your curve 5 Slide Presentation a You need to do a presentation and explain to the customer what you have done tit the budget and what the customer is getting for that money. Your discussion should revolve around the product not the program management methodology you used. B Make sure you have at least the following 7 slides in your presentation: I Executive summery Project Information at a high level In terms of budget, timeline, scope, resources, methodology items iv Snapshot of your MS project sch edule v Product design and features vi Issues/challenges you faced and how you resolved them vii Snapshot of your S-Curve viii Utilize tables, graphics, diagrams, videos, etc.

Jacob Lawrence Biography

Jacob Lawrence Biography The Basics: History Painter is an appropriate title, although Jacob Lawrence himself preferred Expressionist, and he was certainly best-qualified to describe his own work. Lawrence is one of the best known 20th-century African-American painters, along with Romare Bearden. While Lawrence is often associated with the Harlem Renaissance, its not accurate. He began studying art half a decade after the Great Depression terminated the heyday of that movement. It can be argued, though, that the Harlem Renaissance brought into being the schools, teachers and artist-mentors from whom Lawrence later learned. Early Life: Lawrence was born on September 7, 1917 in Atlantic City, New Jersey.After a childhood marked by a series of moves, and the separation of his parents, Jacob Lawrence, his mother and two younger siblings settled in Harlem when he was 12. It was there that he discovered drawing and painting (on discarded cardboard boxes), while attending an after-school program at Utopia Childrens Center. He kept up painting when he could, but was forced to drop out of school to help support the family after his mother lost her job during the Great Depression. His Art: Luck (and the persistent help of sculptor Augusta Savage) intervened to procure Lawrence an easel job as a part of the W.P.A. (Works Progress Administration). He loved art, reading and history. His quiet determination to show that African Americans, too, were a major factor in the history of the Western hemisphere despite their conspicuous absence in art and literature led him to embark on his first important series, The Life of Toussaint LOuverture. 1941 was a banner year for Jacob Lawrence: he broke the color barrier when his seminal, 60-panel The Migration of the Negro was exhibited at the prestigious Downtown Gallery, and also married fellow painter Gwendolyn Knight. He served in the U.S. Coast Guard during WWII and returned to his career as an artist. He landed a temporary job teaching at Black Mountain College (in 1947) at the invitation of Josef Albers who became both an influencer and friend. Lawrence spent the rest of his life painting, teaching and writing. He is best known for his representational compositions, full of simplified shapes, and bold colors and his use of watercolor and gouache. Unlike nearly any other modern or contemporary artist, he always worked in series of paintings, each with a distinct theme. His influence, as the visual artist who told stories of the dignity, hopes and struggles of African Americans in American history, is incalculable. Lawrence died on June 9, 2000 in Seattle, Washington. Important Works: Toussaint LOuverture (series), 1937-38 Harriet Tubman (series), 1938-39 Frederick Douglass (series), 1939-40 The Migration of the Negro (series), 1941 John Brown (series), 1941-42 Famous Quotes: I would describe my work as expressionist. The expressionist point of view is stressing your own feelings about something.  My belief is that it is most important for an artist to develop an approach and philosophy about life - if he has developed this philosophy, he does not put paint on canvas, he puts himself on canvas. If at times my productions do not express the conventionally beautiful, there is always an effort to express the universal beauty of mans continuous struggle to lift his social position and to add dimension to his spiritual being.When the subject is strong, simplicity is the only way to treat it. Sources and Further Reading: Falconer, Morgan. Lawrence, Jacob Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 20 August 2005. Read a review of Grove Art Online.Lawrence, Jacob. Harriet and the Promised Land. New York : Aladdin Publishing, 1997 (reprint ed.). (Reading level: Ages 4-8) This wonderfully illustrated book, along with The Great Migration (below), are excellent means with which to introduce budding art enthusiasts to Jacob Lawrence.Lawrence, Jacob. The Great Migration. New York : Harper Trophy, 1995. (Reading level: Ages 9-12)Nesbett, Peter T. (ed.). Complete Jacob Lawrence. Seattle : University of Washington Press, 2000.Nesbett, Peter T. (ed.). Over the Line: The Art and Life of Jacob Lawrence.Seattle : University of Washington Press, 2000. Films Worth Watching: Jacob Lawrence: An Intimate Portrait (1993)Jacob Lawrence:The Glory of Expression (1994) Names beginning with L or Artist Profiles: Main Index. .

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 26

Paraphrasing - Essay Example Additionally, the experiment will use Wheatstone bridge networks and two resistors, the photo-call and the potentiometer. This experiment seeks to offer lab experience with USB-1208FS DAQ in resistor network analysis. To achieve this, the experiment will rely on Wheatstone bridge networks and two resistors, the photo-call and the potentiometer. Consequently, the DAQ, photo-call, resistors, and the potentiometer construct two circuits that apply in this experiment. A resistor connected in series with Oscilloscope and a photo-resistor defines the initial circuit. In this circuit, users measures voltage using the Oscilloscope and disregard the DAQ and the laptop. A Wheatstone bridge circuit consisting of a photo-resistor and a potentiometer defines the second circuit. The DAQ measures voltage in this circuit. The experiment achieves its purpose by using a photo-resistor and a potentiometer to construct the circuit and using DAQ to measure

IMPERIALISM, VEBLEN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IMPERIALISM, VEBLEN - Essay Example Even so, the rise of World War 1 proved otherwise, by the time Veblen was writing Absentee Ownership, which he did in 1923; capitalism had done more harm than good. The financial management was poor, the cost was rising and the economy was becoming less productive and less competitive. The fruits of technology were not being realized. That is where Veblen argued that the economy or the market was organized in a way that there was a ‘free lunch’ privileges for some people. Some group of people could seize the income without really contributing to the production process. The power and ownership of property was rewarded more than labor. At this time, the economy sought to guide the economic policies and those in power only served their own interests. In his entire economic theory, Veblen is critical to the issue of imperialism, militarism, patriotism, nationalism, and emulative consumption. The greatest economist of all time analyzes capitalism as it is reflected in the lar ge corporations, financial institutions, imperialism, militarism and patriotism. He does this by looking at how society is divided into the groups; the leisure class, and the rest of the population. The leisure class is there to exploit the others while the rest of the population is characterized by workmanship which is constantly rejecting leisure group resulting in a social conflict. The social conflicts exist in much society either in form of slavery, feudalism or capitalism. As a result, the society is divided into two distinct classes (Veblen 12). In modern times, they can be termed as the exploit and the industry. The industry means innovation or creation of new things while the exploit seizing other peoples work or innovation. For that reason, to maintain the status quo, and prevent war, some form of military must be in place to ensure that war is prevented. In addition, to ensure that the power remains only on the hand of the few patriotism exist to ensure that those who sup ports the status quo are greatly rewarded. Veblen regarded patriotism as the collective expression of what he called the archaic human propensity (Veblen 165). He argued that patriotism was being used by interest of capitalism to legitimize imperialism condemned imperialism on the ground that it retarded the economic growth and it was wasteful. Emulative consumption, according to him was a personal treadmill. This means that there was no possibility of progress. There was no way possible to escape the cycle. According to him, the power to rule over the society depended on the ability to control the ideologies and the emotions of the rest of the society and that was only possible to those who controlled the modes of production. Comparison of Veblen’s Ideas about Imperialism with Each of Hobson’s, Lenin’s And Luxemburg’s Views of Imperialism Imperialism can be defined as the highest stage of capitalism. It is a concept in a left theory of politics which sho ws the aggressive nature and characteristics of modern capitalism. The term, over the time keeps changing in meaning, from the classical Marxist theory to present day. Different scholars have different meaning of what really imperialism means. Hobson, for example, explains it as a symptom of capitalist crisis. According to him, capitalism has moved beyond its competitive stage to another high level characterized by a

Preschool Classroom Multicultural Classroom Essay

Preschool Classroom Multicultural Classroom - Essay Example Teachers must be careful in communicating messages to children that they may receive as prejudiced against a particular culture or minority in the class population. York (2006) claims that stereotypical messages have powerful impact on children’s perception of reality, and may lead to the development of prejudice. For example, only having â€Å"white† dolls and not â€Å"black† may tell children that black people are not worthy to be used as models in learning. Hence, it is important to choose classroom materials and activities wisely to promote social skills and social action instead of prejudice. Narahara (1998) discusses how gender stereotypes in books can affect children. She contends that storybooks provide role models for children in defining standards for feminine and masculine behavior, and books that have stereotypical content for gender. On the other hand, non-sexist books encourage the development of positive self-concept, attitudes and behavior. Bainbridge, Pantaleo and Ellis (1999) suggest that multicultural books be included in the repertoire of classroom materials claiming that multicultural children’s literature supports and encourages tolerance and understanding among children. Books should reflect characters from the same culture as the students’. Examples of story themes are protagonists who dealt with race issues and children who solved problems successfully. Lesson plans should incorporate culturally relevant ideas in each diverse classroom (Edwards & Kuhlman, 2007). Classrooms that reflect multicultural themes display materials that promote peace and respect for all people such as posters advocating peace and non-violent resolutions to conflict and pictures of people from various racial and cultural groups. Exposure to these materials instills positive social values in children. Likewise, allowing them to interact with non-stereotypical and multicultural materials such as multiethnic block play people,

Topics in Physical Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Topics in Physical Chemistry - Essay Example The understanding of chemical equilibrium has also advanced by different research studies thereby bringing new knowledge. Through exploration of different studies on the topic, this paper presents current study from peer reviewed journals and how research advance the studies in chemical equilibrium and its application. The use of computer simulations in the study of simple and long chain chemical reactions has also beenexplored. Finally, the paper explores the law of thermodynamics and how it applies to chemical equilibrium. Introduction Chemical reactions involve reactants and interacting under certain conditions to produce a product. It refers to the process of transforming a set of chemical compounds or substances to another or others with totally different identities. It involves the changes of the position of electrons with regards to formation or breaking of the bonds while the original elements always remain the same. Since there is no change in the original elements present, a chemical reaction can always be represented by an equation. Reagents or reactants are the initial substances that participate in a chemical reaction thus during a chemical reaction, there is always a change. This is because the new products exhibit different properties. New products may have differences with regard to physical, biological or chemical properties depending on the nature of chemical reaction. Chemical reaction equation must have the starting materials (reactants), conditions for reaction, intermediate products and finally the end products. However, there are certain chemical reactions that are very simple and do not need to pass through the intermediate product in order to get to the final product. In a chemical equation, we may have two different types of chemical reaction as well. Chemical reaction that takes place according to concentration and temperature at a specific rate is called non spontaneous while one that require no other conditions except thermal energy is known as spontaneous. This principle forms the basis of calculating the rate of reaction as well as managing it. In this respect, non spontaneous reaction is very slow and thus requires an additional energy or catalyst to increase its rate. Objective of the Study The objective of this study is to explore different literature and explore the current studies in chemical equilibrium. This paper aims at exploring studies in academic journals mainly focusing on equilibrium constant and its application in different industries. Chemical Reaction Chemical reactions can be well illustrated by chemical equations. Chemical equations consist of two or more reactants on the left side and the resultant products of that particular reaction on the right side. An arrow at the middle of the equation always represents the direction of reaction which can be either to the right or to the left depending on the conditions. It is therefore important to note that most chemical reactions are reversible r eactions. This is often represented by a double arrow which points on the both sides. The meaning of this is that products can also produce reactants depending on the concentrations and certain conditions. aA + bB cC + dD Irreversible reactions aA + bB cC + dD Reversible reactions The above equations shows the basic principle of a chemical reaction where A and B substances react to produce C and D substances. However, a, b, c and d

Business - Corporate Accountability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business - Corporate Accountability - Essay Example In simple terms, corporate accountability is the ability of individuals affected by a corporation to take charge of the actions of the enterprise. It involves changes in the legal framework of how a company operates within social and environmental parameters. Corporate accountability ensures that the legal framework within which a corporation operates is enforceable. This means that the corporation can be held accountable if it fails to meet the set requirements. It offers legal rights over the relevant stakeholders to seek compensation incase they suffer from the company’s operation (Friends of Earth, 2005). Corporate accountability ensures corporations operate with the view of minimizing and avoiding social or environmental risk and harm. The concept of corporate accountability has brought various enlightened sectors of the corporate world together. Environmental organizations, trade unions, consumers, human rights and governments have all united behind the concept of corpor ate accountability (Friends of Earth, 2010). Corporations regularly may exploit weak regulatory systems in poor and developing countries making citizens in such countries vulnerable to corporate human rights abuse. Corporations also exploit such weak domestic regulatory systems due to the lack of international corporate accountability. ... As companies expand internationally, regulation measures have not been put in place to ensure compensation for individuals whose human rights become violated. Large and multinational companies have an obligation to protect human rights within their operations. Corporate accountability provides corporations with an opportunity to have a look at its operations and impact on people as well as the environment (Isaleem, 2010). This paper will focus on a case study on corporate response of the Shell oil company towards corporate accountability resulting from consumer and political pressure. CASE STUDY: SHELL OIL COMPANY Shell Oil Company is the fifth largest company in the world according to Forbes magazine. It is a global oil and gas company. The company’s registered office is in London while its headquarters are located at The Hague, Netherlands. The company’s primary business involves oil exploration, harvesting, transportation and trade. In its oil operations, the company has come under severe scrutiny regarding to its role in environmental pollution and human rights abuses in several countries. It has become particularly criticized over the effects of its operations in Africa which has led to several protests against the company. Its operations in the Niger-delta located in Nigeria have resulted to extreme environmental issues (Amnesty International, 2005). Oil spills resulting from old and corroded pipelines has contributed to the death of vegetation, fish and general environmental degradation in the Niger-delta. This has led to mass protests against Shell by the local population in Niger-delta and particularly Amnesty international. The environmental pollution has also led to calls to

Managing Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Environmental Issues - Essay Example Fryxell and vryza (2007) assert that the simulation focuses on three major environmental philosophies on human responsibility towards the environment. Examples of simulation put in place in order to manage environmental issues include the anthropocentric view, biocentric view and ethical extensionism. The model explored by Fryxell and vryza (2007) explores on how human being inter and intra relates to the natural world and therefore assesses how human activities impacts on the natural environment. Therefore, this discussion contributes to the critical study of the mankind responsibility in protecting and managing the nature and his role in the environment. Environmental justice refers to the fair treatment that explores the meaningful involvement of people especially the minority and low-income populations into the development, implementation and enforcement of the environmental laws, regulation and policies as asserted by Fryxell and vryza (2007). Consequently ensuring coverage of adverse and desperate health impacts that are a burden to the environment and affect also affect the people. Environmental justice is achieved when everyone within the environment can enjoy the same degree of protection from the environment and from health hazards activities of the population. Environmental simulation aims at accessing the decision making process by the stakeholders to have a healthy environment in which all the people can live, learn or work comfortably without any disturbances (Fryxell & vryza, 2007). This is achieved by facilitating open dialogues among many stakeholders involved in managing the environment. In doing this, fair treatment is achieved in involving all kinds of people from different part of the world regardless of their race, color, originality or income with an aim of achieving a healthy environment for the benefit of all. There are many stakeholders involved in the management of environmental

Business - Corporate Accountability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business - Corporate Accountability - Essay Example In simple terms, corporate accountability is the ability of individuals affected by a corporation to take charge of the actions of the enterprise. It involves changes in the legal framework of how a company operates within social and environmental parameters. Corporate accountability ensures that the legal framework within which a corporation operates is enforceable. This means that the corporation can be held accountable if it fails to meet the set requirements. It offers legal rights over the relevant stakeholders to seek compensation incase they suffer from the company’s operation (Friends of Earth, 2005). Corporate accountability ensures corporations operate with the view of minimizing and avoiding social or environmental risk and harm. The concept of corporate accountability has brought various enlightened sectors of the corporate world together. Environmental organizations, trade unions, consumers, human rights and governments have all united behind the concept of corpor ate accountability (Friends of Earth, 2010). Corporations regularly may exploit weak regulatory systems in poor and developing countries making citizens in such countries vulnerable to corporate human rights abuse. Corporations also exploit such weak domestic regulatory systems due to the lack of international corporate accountability. ... As companies expand internationally, regulation measures have not been put in place to ensure compensation for individuals whose human rights become violated. Large and multinational companies have an obligation to protect human rights within their operations. Corporate accountability provides corporations with an opportunity to have a look at its operations and impact on people as well as the environment (Isaleem, 2010). This paper will focus on a case study on corporate response of the Shell oil company towards corporate accountability resulting from consumer and political pressure. CASE STUDY: SHELL OIL COMPANY Shell Oil Company is the fifth largest company in the world according to Forbes magazine. It is a global oil and gas company. The company’s registered office is in London while its headquarters are located at The Hague, Netherlands. The company’s primary business involves oil exploration, harvesting, transportation and trade. In its oil operations, the company has come under severe scrutiny regarding to its role in environmental pollution and human rights abuses in several countries. It has become particularly criticized over the effects of its operations in Africa which has led to several protests against the company. Its operations in the Niger-delta located in Nigeria have resulted to extreme environmental issues (Amnesty International, 2005). Oil spills resulting from old and corroded pipelines has contributed to the death of vegetation, fish and general environmental degradation in the Niger-delta. This has led to mass protests against Shell by the local population in Niger-delta and particularly Amnesty international. The environmental pollution has also led to calls to

Essentials of Corporate Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Essentials of Corporate Management - Essay Example Thomas Cook is one of the largest travel related company providing financial services in many countries both in India and abroad. The study is supported with data in order to get the actual valuation of the company in today’s market. Based on the calculation in terms of net asset value, cost of capital, dividend growth model a proper valuation of the company is to be done so that it can be determined as to whether buying the Thomas Cook Group will be a profitable venture or not. Valuation of Tomas Cook Whenever we value a company it is very important to choose the right financial models. In order to check the comparability of a company it is necessary to find the proper correlation between the revenues and the operating expenses. Net Asset Value Net assts value is the amount the investor receives when selling a share. Net asset value is also known as the NAV. This rise or fall in the NAV reflects the value of the mutual fund in the present market. Rise in the value of the mutu al fund leads to a rise in the NAV and vise-versa. Particulars Amt in million pound 30-Sep-10 30-Sep-09 Net Assets 1743 1717 Overvalued assets 50 0 undervalued assets 30 0 Bad debt 7 0 No. of Shares (m) 858 858 NAV 2.00 2.00 Cost of Capital Cost of Equity: Cost of equity capital is generally known as the risk undertaken by the investor in the hope of earning favorable returns. Cost of equity can be found through various models like Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Gordon Model. But based on the data provided application of the CAPM is more suitable in the given situation. (Bragg, 2012, p.142) Cost of Debt Capital: A company in its initial period uses a lot of debt in the form of bonds, loans, etc. The calculation of the cost of debt of a company gives an idea to the investor as to the overall rate of interest that the company has to payback for using debt financing. This also shows how risky is a company; thus higher the cost of debt more risky is the company. Particulars Amt. in million pound Interest 7 Face value 100 Redemption value 50 No. of years 1 Cost of debt 19% Cost of Debt = (I + (M-NP)/n) / (M + NP) / 2 (Bragg, 2012, p.142) Where, I = Dollar Return M = Maturity Value NP = Net Proceeds of issue N = years Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): The assets of the company are either financed by debt or equity. Weighted Average Cost of Capita (WACC) show the average cost of financing of a company in a weighted form irrespective of the use of capital. WACC gives the investor a broad idea as to the liability of the company towards the payment of interest per dollar financed. Through the computation of WACC of a company one can determine the opportunities of expansion and scope of merging, etc. It is most appropriate in such like situation as it determines the rate of discount used in cash flow and the amount of risk that is involved to the overall firm. The following WACC gives us the idea that debt of the company being more it has to pay more tax a nd even the burden of obligation is also on the rise (Pratt, 2003, p.46) Particulars Amt. in million pound Cost of Equity 0.07 Cost of Debt 0.19 Equity 1475.76 Debt 1772 Tax 0.3 WACC 562.09 *Tax assumed to be 30% WACC= E/V*Ke + D/V*Kd (1-Tc) (Pratt, 2003, p.46) Where: Ke = cost of equity Kd = cost of debt E = market value of the firm's equity D = market

Synthesis Method of Napthoyl-thiourea Derivatives

Synthesis Method of Napthoyl-thiourea Derivatives CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter explains briefly on the synthesis method of napthoyl-thiourea derivatives, experimental characterization techniques (CHNS, FTIR, UV-Vis, UV-F, 1H and 13C NMR, Single Crystal X-Ray Crystallography Analysis, XRD, TGA, SEM, CV), electrodeposition of napthoyl-thiourea derivatives on ITO substrate, electrical conductivity measurement, IV curve characteristic, performance of organic diode and theoretical calculation via Gaussion 09 software package functions. 3.1  Reagents, Chemicals and Solvent All chemicals used in this study were commercially available and used as received without any purification step taken. Chemicals namely 1-napthanoyl chloride (C10H7COCl), ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN), 2-aminopyridine (C5H6N2), 2-amino-5-chloro-pyridine (C5H5N2Cl) and 3-amino-4-methylpyridine (C6H8N2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. In addition, 2-amino-5-picoline (C6H8N2) and 2-amino-3-picoline (C6H8N2) were supplied from Merck. Solvents such as methanol (CH3OH), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and dimethylsulphoxide were supplied by Merck. Other solvents used in this study namely chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3) and hexane (C6H14) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetonitrile (C2H3N) and diethyl ether (C4H10O) were supplied by R M chemicals. Whilst, acetone (CH3COCH3) was obtained from Fisher scientific. 3.2  Instrumentation and Characterization Techniques The infrared (IR) spectra of the synthesized compounds were recorded on a Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrophotometer, Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 in the range of 4000-400 cm-1 using potassium bromide (KBr) pellets. Electronic absorption spectra of the samples were recorded in the range of 200-400 nm using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 1601 series in 1cm3 cuvette while the electronic emission spectra were recorded in the same range by using Shimadzu UV-Fluorescence Spectrophotometer. For Single X-Ray Crystallography, the diffraction data were collected at 296.15K. The structure was solved and refined by using Olex2 solution program and refinement package using Gauss-Newton Minimization. The 1H (400.11 MHz) and 13C (100.61 MHz) NMR spectra were recorded using Bruker Avance III 400 Spectrometer in CDCl3 as solvent and internal standard at room temperature in the range between ÃŽ ´H 0–15ppm and ÃŽ ´C 0–200ppm, respectively. Besides, CHNS-O Analyzer Flashea 1112 series was used to determine the experimental percentage of C, H, N and S elements of the synthesized compounds. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed using Perkin–Elmer TGA Analyzer from 0oC to 700oC at a heating rate of 10oC/min under nitrogen atmosphere. Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on precoated plate of TLC Silica Gel 60 F254 (Merck) and spots were visualized with ultraviolet light. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed using Rigaku MiniFlexll from 3à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±-80à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±. The technique cyclic voltammetry was performed using Electrochemical Impedence Spectroscopy (EIS) PGSTAT302 with three-electrode cell consisting of a polished Pt rod working electrode, Pt disc counter electrode and AgCl reference electrode. The solutions were ~10-3 M in electroactive material and 0.1 M supporting electrolyte, sulphuric acid. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) PGSTAT302 was used to coat the synthesized compounds on the ITO thin film by using electrochemistry method. EIS was used to study the oxidation and reduction state of the element of the synthesized compounds. The surface morphology of the final synthesised compounds in the form of powder and thin films were scanned by JSM 6360 Joel Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with accelerated voltage 20 kV and magnification from 2000Ãâ€" until 10000Ãâ€" The electrical conductivity of the thin film was measured in the dark conditions by using Four-Point Probe and LI-200 Pyranometer Sensor with LI-1400 Data Logg er while Keithley 4200 SCS Semiconductor Characterization System and Probe Station were used for efficiency determination and OLED parameters were evaluated from IV curve. The performance as Diode was performed by using D2 Power Supply GP-430D. Last but not least, the experimental result were proven by using ab initio quantum mechanical evaluation at the theoretical level of DFT B3LYP/6-31G (d,p). The physical parameters such as dipole moment, energy band gap (HOMO and LUMO) and Mulliken Charges Bond length were calculated using Natural Bond Orbital Theory at the same theoretical level. 3.3  General Research Design In this study, the methodology is divided into four parts. Firstly, this research started with the synthesis napthoyl substructure of thiourea derivative. Secondly, all the synthesized compounds were characterized by using elemental analysis, typical spectroscopic and analytical techniques and electrochemical analysis. Next, the synthesized compounds were deposited on the ITO substrate as a thin film by using electrochemical deposition method. The conductivity and performance of the synthesized compounds as OLED were evaluated. Lastly, the experimental data were compared with the theoretical calculation by using Gaussion 09 software package. Figure 3.1 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental flow chart. 3.4  Synthetic Approach The synthetic approach to obtain the compounds of interest is shown in Scheme 3.2. Thiourea derivatives (15) were prepared by using 1-naphthoyl chloride as starting material. The mixture of 1-napthhoyl chloride, an equimolar amount of ammonium thiocyanate and designated amines (3-methylpyridin-2-amine, 6-methylpyridin-3-amine, 5-methylpyridin-2-amine, pyridine-2-amine and 5-chloropyridin-2-amine) in acetone was put at reflux with constant stirring for around ca. 10 hours. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature before it was then filtered. The off-white precipitate was removed and the filtrate was added to some ice blocks. The precipitate was crystallised from hot acetone to afford crystals of the title compounds (15). Scheme 3.2The general overview of the synthetic pathway applied in this study 3.5  Experimental Section 3.5.1  Synthesis of N-((3-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbamothioyl)-1-naphthamide (1) A solution of 1-napthanoyl chloride (1.5ml, 1mol) with the equimolar amount of ammonium thiocyanate (0.76g, 1mol) in ca. 50ml acetone in 100ml two-necked round-bottom flask. The reaction mixture was put at reflux with continuous stirring for ca. 5 hours. Then, a solution of 6-methylpyridin-3-amine (1.07g, 1mol) in ca. 50ml acetone was added to the reaction mixture and was put at reflux with continuous stirring for ca. 7 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored with TLC (Hexane: DCM; 3:2). Once the reaction completed the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered into a beaker containing some ice cubes. The resulting light brown precipitate obtained, recrystallized from hot acetone to afford the title compound (1). 3.5.2  Synthesis of N-((5-metylpyridin-2-yl)carbamothioyl)-1-naphtamide (2) The title compound 2, (2.33g, 96%) obtained as light yellow crystalline solid was prepared from 1-napthanoyl chloride (1.5ml, 1mol), ammonium thiocyanate (0.76g, 1mol) and 3-methylpyridin-2-amine (1.07g, 1mol) in the manner as describe above. 3.5.3  Synthesis of N-((3-metylpyridin-2-yl)carbamothioyl)-1-naphtamide (3) The title compound 3, (2.66g, 98%) obtained as light yellow crystalline solid was prepared from 1-napthanoyl chloride (1.5ml, 1mol), ammonium thiocyanate (0.76g, 1mol) and 5-methylpyridin-2-amine (1.07, 1mol) in the manner as describe above. 3.5.4  Synthesis of N-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamothioyl)-1-naphthamide(4) In a manner similar to that described above 3, the title compound 4, (0.88g, 45%) obtained as light yellow crystalline solid was prepared from 1-napthanoyl chloride (1.5ml, 1mol), ammonium thiocyanate (0.76g, 1mol) and pyridin-2-amine (0.94g, 1mol). 3.5.5  Synthesis of N-((5-chloropyridin-2-yl)carbamothioyl)-1-naphthamide(5) The title compound 5, (1.97g, 87%) obtained as light yellow crystalline solid was prepared from 1-napthanoyl chloride (3ml, 1mol), ammonium thiocyanate (0.76g, 9.95mmol) and 5-chloropyridin-2-amine (1.28, 1mol) in the manner as describe above. 3.6Electrodeposition of Naptoyl-Thiourea Derivatives on ITO substrate The ITO substrates were used as working electrode was firstly cleaned with distilled water, detergent and acetone by using ultrasonic cleaner. All the synthesized compounds (15) were deposited on the ITO substrates by electrochemistry method by using Electrochemical Impendance Spectroscopy (EIS) PGSTAT302. By using the GPES method software, cyclic voltammetry (staircase) method was set to be in normal procedure. The depositions of the compounds were done in a mixture of compound dissolved in 45ml acetonitrile (10-3 M) and 5ml sulphuric acid (10-3 M) which act as supporting electrolyte .The cyclic of the process were set in Table 3.1 below. Figure 3.1 represent the arrangement layers of ITO/napthoyl-thiourea thin film. While, scheme 3.3 shows the overall methodology for organic light emitting diode (OLED) formation and characterization. Table 3.1 Procedure set for electrodeposition process No of scan 5 Start potential (V) 0 First Vertex Potential (V) 0 Second Vertex Potential (V) 3 Step Potential (V) 0.01 Scan Rate (Vs-1) 0.05 Figure 3.1The arrangement layers of ITO/napthoyl-thiourea thin film (1a5a) 3.7  Electrical Conductivity Measurement Four point probe was used to determine the conductivity of the thin film. The sheet resistivity of the films was measured with complete four probing system that consists of the Jandel Universal Probe combined with a Jandel RM3 Test Unit (Figure 3.2). In this study, the electrical conductivity of thin film was measured in dark condition to see its tendency to be applied as organic diode. Four probes were aligned and lowered onto the sample. The two outer probes supplied a voltage difference that drives a current through the film while the two inner probes pick up a voltage difference. Figure 3.2Jandel Universal Probe and RM3 Test Unit The sheet resistances (resistivity) for the thin films are shown in Equation 3.1 below. The unit of sheet resistance is ohms per square (à ¯Ã‚ -/sq): Rs = 4.532 x V / I (Equation3.1) Where: Rs = sheet resistance 4.532 = correction factor V = voltage measured I = current applied The electrical conductivity can be determined which it is the reciprocal (inverse) of the electrical resistivity, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³ as shown in Equation 3.2. The unit of electrical conductivity is ohm-1 m-1 (à ¯Ã‚ --1 m-1) = Siemens m-1 (Sm-1). à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³ = 1 / Rs(Equation 3.2) Where, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³ = electrical conductivity Rs = sheet resistivity 3.8  IV Curve Characteristic The IV curves of the 1a5a were measured by using Keithley 4200 SCS Semiconductor Characterization System and Probe Station (Figure 3.3). In this study, ITO substrate act as hole collecting layer (anode) while napthoyl-thiourea derivatives act as hole and electron carriers. The coated ITO substrates were mask with low work function metal which is aluminuim which act as cathode. Figure 3.3Semiconductor Characterization System and Probe Station The I-V curve shows the relationship between the currents and voltages gradient associated with the different current terminal (anode and cathode) of the diode. The obtained curve displays the forward current, reverse current, knee voltage and breakdown voltage of the diode. 3.9  Performance as Diode The performances of 1a5a as organic diode were tested by using D2 Power Supply GP-430D (Figure 3.4) under dark condition with difference voltagesin the range 15V to 30V. Figure 3.4D2 Power Supply GP-430D

Skyscrapers, Damping Systems, and Physics :: physics buildings skyscraper architecture

Skyscrapers are amazing! Architectural defeats. Wonders of the world. How are they able to withstand even the strongest of winds and earthquakes? Today, engineers rely on damping systems to counteract nature's forces. There are many types of damping systems that engineers can now use for structures, automobiles, and even tennis rackets! This site focuses on damping systems in structures, mainly architectural variations of the tuned mass damper. How Tuned Mass Dampers Work A tuned mass damper (TMD) consists of a mass (m), a spring (k), and a damping device (c), which dissipates the energy created by the motion of the mass (usually in a form of heat). In this figure, M is the structure to which the damper would be attached. From the laws of physics, we know that F = ma and a = F/m. This means that when an external force is applied to a system, such as wind pushing on a skyscraper, there has to be an accleration. Consequently, the people in the skyscraper would feel this acceleration. In order to make the occupants of the building feel more comfortable, tuned mass dampers are placed in structures where the horizontal deflections from the wind's force are felt the greatest, effectively making the building stand relatively still. When the building begins to oscillate or sway, it sets the TMD into motion by means of the spring and, when the building is forced right, the TMD simultaneously forces it to the left. Ideally, the frequencies and amplitudes of the TMD and the structure should nearly match so that EVERY time the wind pushes the building, the TMD creates an equal and opposite push on the building, keeping its horizontal displacement at or near zero. If their frequencies were significantly different, the TMD would create pushes that were out of sync with the pushes from the wind, and the building's motion would still be uncomfortable for the occupants. If their amplitudes were significantly different, the TMD would, for example, create pushes that were in sync with the pushes from the wind but not quite the same size and the building would still experience too much motion. The effectiveness of a TMD is dependent on the mass ratio (of the TMD to the structure itself), the ratio of the frequency of the TMD to the frequency of the structure (which is ideally equal to one), and the damping ratio of the TMD (how well the damping device dissipates energy).

Big Box Retailers :: essays research papers

America has always been a country where freedom has been treasured. Freedom is the most basic, valued principle that America was founded on. Whenever a threat looms, it is the cry and demand for freedom that pulls at the heartstrings of all Americans and moves them to action. Any threat to freedom is, in essence, a threat to America. This is usually interpreted as only a military threat, but there is another form the threat could take that is equally dangerous: an economic threat. This is why there are laws against monopolies – so that one company never has an unfair advantage over another. Freedom, equal opportunity for all. Enter the world of big box retailers. These companies are the biggest and most profitable there are to be found in America – the cornerstones of American economic prosperity. Some people, however, contest that the negatives of having a big box retailer in your town far outweigh the positives. Over the years and through many debates and conflicts i t has become apparent that, no matter how beneficial big box retailers are to America, they have an overall negative effect on the American people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the negative aspects of big box retailers can be seen in the effects on the environment and economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pollution has always been a big concern for anyone who has seen films or pictures from some of the Southeast Asian countries, where smog sometimes fills the whole sky of cities. Indeed, pollution is a terrible thing, but unfortunately it is a real concern for our modern times. There is always a price to pay for advancing, and in many cases that price is the creation of harmful substances to the environment around us, and sometimes even to us. One shocking example of this happened not so long ago right here in the United States, when one of the five great lakes, Lake Erie, was so full of pollution around Cleveland that almost all of the wildlife died and people could literally walk across the top of the pollution on the lake. Obviously, nobody wants anything like this to ever happen again. Fortunately, the lake was eventually cleaned up, but the damage was done, both to the environment and to the psyche and mindset of the American people. Some people see big box re tailers as a cause of much pollution, and for some people that’s all they need to hear in order to be eternally opposed against big box retailers.